In Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India’s registered valuer exam, RATIO ANALYSIS comes under Finance and Financial Statement Analysis chapter that carry 6% weightage. Various concepts of business decision making and strategic analysis are covered in this chapter, which are very important to be understood for the purpose of clearing IBBI Registered valuer examination. Though there is least possibility of a direct question from this area, however application of this concept is very critical for passing the registered valuer examination.

Ratio analysis can be defined as the process of ascertaining the financial ratios that are used for indicating the ongoing financial performance of a company using few types of ratios such as liquidity, profitability, activity, debt, market, solvency, efficiency, and coverage ratios and few examples of such ratios are return on equity, current ratio, quick ratio, dividend pay-out ratio, debt-equity ratio, and so on.

Ratio analysis is a process used for the calculation of financial ratios or in other words, for the purpose of evaluating the financial wellbeing of a company. The values used for the calculation of financial ratios of a company are extracted from the financial statements of that same company.

Types of ratios are given below:

Liquidity Ratios – This type of ratio helps in measuring the ability of a company to take care of its short-term debt obligations. A higher liquidity ratio represents that the company is highly rich in cash. The types of LIQUIDITY RATIOS ratios are: –

1. Current Ratio: The current ratio is the ratio between the current assets and current liabilities of a company. The current ratio is used to indicate the liquidity of an organization in being able to meet its debt obligations in the upcoming twelve months. A higher current ratio will indicate that the organization is highly capable of repaying its short-term debt obligations.
2. Quick Ratio: The quick ratio is used to ascertain information pertaining to the capability of a company in paying off its current liabilities on an immediate basis.

Profitability Ratios – This type of ratio helps in measuring the ability of a company in earning sufficient profits. The types of PROFATIBILITY RATIOS are: –

1. Gross Profit Ratios: Gross profit ratios are calculated in order to represent the operating profits of an organization after making necessary adjustments pertaining to the COGS or cost of goods sold.
2. Net Profit Ratio: Net profit ratios are calculated in order to determine the overall profitability of an organization after reducing both cash and non-cash expenditures.
3. Operating Profit Ratio: Operating profit ratio is used to determine the soundness of an organization and its financial ability to repay all the short term and long term debt obligations.
4. Return on Capital Employed (ROCE): Return on capital employed is used to determine the profitability of an organization with respect to the capital that is invested in the business.

Solvency Ratios – Solvency ratios can be defined as a type of ratio that is used to evaluate whether a company is solvent and well capable of paying off its debt obligations or not. The types of SOLVENCY RATIOS are: –

1. Debt Equity Ratio: The debt-equity ratio can be defined as a ratio between total debt and shareholders fund. The debt-equity ratio is used to calculate the leverage of an organization. An ideal debt-equity ratio for an organization is 2:1.
2. Interest Coverage Ratio: The interest coverage ratio is used to determine the solvency of an organization in the nearing time as well as how many times the profits earned by that very organization were capable of absorbing its interest-related expenses.

Turnover Ratios – Turnover ratios are used to determine how efficiently the financial assets and liabilities of an organization have been used for the purpose of generating revenues. The types of TURNOVER RATIOS are: –

1. Fixed Assets Turnover Ratios: Fixed assets turnover ratio is used to determine the efficiency of an organization in utilizing its fixed assets for the purpose of generating revenues.
2. Inventory Turnover Ratio: Inventory turnover ratio is used to determine the speed of a company in converting its inventories into sales.
3. Receivable Turnover Ratio: Receivable turnover ratio is used to determine the efficiency of an organization in collecting or realizing its account receivables.

Earnings Ratios – Earnings ratio is used for the purpose of determining the returns that an organization generates for its investors. The types of EARNING RATIOS are: –

1. Profit Earnings Ratio: P/E ratio indicates the profit earning capacity of the company.
2. Earnings per Share (EPS): EPS signifies the earnings of an equity holder based on each share.

Ratio analysis lays the framework for financial analysis. Ratio analysis is also used by the readers of the financial statements for gaining a better understanding of the wellbeing of a company. A few basic types of ratios used in ratio analysis are profitability ratios, debt or leverage ratios, activity ratios or efficiency ratios, liquidity ratios, solvency ratios, earnings ratios, turnover ratios, and market ratios.

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